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The penis serves a dual role in sexual reproduction and urination. It consists of three main regions: the glans penis, the body, and the root, each with distinct functions and unique anatomical features.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

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Fabrication and Drag Reduction Performance of Bionic Surfaces Featuring Staggered Shield Scale Structures.

Xin Gu1,2, Pan Cao1,2, Xiuqin Bai1,3

  • 1National Key Laboratory of Autonomous Marine Vehicle Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China.

Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study created a biomimetic shark skin surface that reduces fluid drag by 5.65%. The micro-groove structures regulate near-wall flow, decreasing friction and pressure drag for efficient performance.

Keywords:
CFD simulationbiomimetic shark skindrag reductionlaser etchingmicro-grooveplacoid scale structure

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Area of Science:

  • Biomimetics and Surface Engineering
  • Fluid Dynamics and Hydrodynamics

Background:

  • Shark skin's unique placoid scales inspire novel drag reduction strategies.
  • Understanding the fluid dynamics of natural surfaces is key to developing efficient technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the drag reduction mechanism of shark skin placoid scales.
  • To design and fabricate a biomimetic surface for high-efficiency drag reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of biomimetic shark skin using laser etching and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) replication.
  • Sedimentation experiments to measure drag reduction rates.
  • Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to analyze near-wall flow characteristics.

Main Results:

  • The biomimetic surface achieved a drag reduction rate of 5.65% in sedimentation experiments.
  • CFD simulations showed drag reduction is due to regulated near-wall laminar flow, forming low-velocity layers and recirculation zones.
  • Staggered grooves improved pressure distribution, reducing pressure drag, with simulated drag reduction at 5.08%.

Conclusions:

  • The biomimetic placoid structure effectively reduces fluid drag.
  • The study validates the feasibility and effectiveness of bio-inspired surfaces for drag reduction applications.