Degradation of Mechanical Properties in HR3C Steel: The Role of σ and M₂₃C₆ Phase Evolution During Long-Term Service

This study systematically investigated the chemical composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of HR3C steel tubes that have been in service. The results indicate that, after nearly 70,000 h of operation, continuous lamellar M₂₃C₆ precipitates formed along grain boundaries in the HR3C steel, with needle-like or rod-like M₂₃C₆ phases extending from the grain boundaries into the grain interiors. Additionally, NbCrN and σ-phase precipitates were observed in the regions adjacent to the grain boundaries. Mechanical testing revealed a slight increase in hardness following service exposure, while the tensile strength remained largely unchanged; the yield strength, however, increased by approximately 15%. In contrast, the elongation at fracture decreased significantly-ductility declined by 64-73% relative to the as-received condition-and impact toughness dropped dramatically by 96%. These findings collectively indicate pronounced embrittlement of the HR3C steel after long-term service at 620 °C. Microstructural analysis confirms that the precipitation of M₂₃C₆ and σ phases is the primary contributor to the observed deterioration in toughness and ductility.