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State of the Art Cranial Ultrasound Imaging in Neonates
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Ultrasound studies of brainstem.

Binnur Çelik1, Rezzak Yilmaz2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|March 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Transcranial B-mode sonography (TCBS) offers a cost-effective, accurate method for diagnosing Parkinson disease. This neuroimaging technique aids in evaluating movement disorders but requires skilled operators and adequate temporal bone windows.

Keywords:
DepressionHyperechogenicityParkinson diseaseRapheSubstantia nigraTranscranial sonography

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroimaging
  • Medical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Transcranial B-mode sonography (TCBS) is an established neuroimaging method for visualizing brain structures.
  • Its application in diagnosing neurologic disorders is increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the technical aspects and ultrasound methodology for optimal TCBS examination.
  • To review the evidence for TCBS in movement disorders, particularly Parkinson disease and parkinsonism.
  • To discuss the limitations and advantages of TCBS in clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed description of technical requirements and ultrasound procedures for TCBS.
  • Review of existing scientific literature on TCBS in movement disorders.
  • Analysis of TCBS accuracy, reliability, and clinical utility.

Main Results:

  • TCBS is a cost-effective, user-friendly technique with high accuracy and interrater reliability for diagnosing Parkinson disease.
  • It serves as a valuable supplementary tool for differentiating various movement disorders.
  • Limitations include the need for sufficient temporal bone windows and experienced operators.

Conclusions:

  • TCBS is a highly accurate and reliable neuroimaging tool for Parkinson disease diagnosis.
  • It offers significant advantages as a supplementary diagnostic method for movement disorders.
  • Operator experience and patient-specific anatomy are key factors for successful TCBS application.