Ionic Liquid Biospheres

Liquid is a fundamental requirement for life as we understand it, but whether that liquid has to be water is not known. We propose the hypothesis that ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DES) constitute a class of non-aqueous planetary liquids capable of persisting on a wide range of bodies where stable liquid water cannot exist. This hypothesis is motivated by key physical properties of ILs and DES. Many exhibit vapor pressures orders of magnitude lower than that of water and remain liquid across exceptionally wide temperature ranges, from cryogenic to well above terrestrial temperatures. These properties permit stable liquids to exist where liquid water would rapidly evaporate or freeze and outside of bulk phases as persistent microscale reservoirs-such as thin films and pore-filling droplets. In other words, ILs and DES can persist in environments without requiring oceans, thick atmospheres, or narrowly regulated climate conditions. We further hypothesize that ILs and DES could act as solvents for non-Earth-like life, based on their polar nature and the demonstrated stability and functionality of proteins and other biomolecules in ionic liquids. More speculatively, our hypothesis extends to the idea that ILs and DES could enable prebiotic chemistry by providing long-lived, protective liquid environments for complex organic molecules on bodies such as comets and asteroids, where liquid water is absent. Additionally, based on the occurrence of DES-like mixtures as protective intracellular liquids in desiccation-tolerant plants, we propose that ILs and DES might be solvents that life elsewhere purposefully evolves. We review protein and other biomolecule studies in ILs and DES and outline planetary environments in which ILs and DES might occur by discussing available anions and cations. We present strategies to advance the IL/DES solvent hypothesis using laboratory studies, computational chemistry, planetary missions, analysis of existing spectroscopic datasets, and modeling of liquid microniches and chemical survival on small bodies.