Biomarkers of Immunotherapy Response in Surgical Oncology

Immunotherapy has transformed the treatment landscape of some solid tumors, offering durable responses and improved survival across multiple cancer types. As its role in oncology continues to expand, the integration of predictive biomarkers is increasingly shaping surgical decision-making, allowing for more personalized and effective multi-disciplinary treatment strategies. This review explores the current landscape of both established and emerging biomarkers that influence immunotherapy sensitivity and their implications for surgical intervention as a treatment strategy. Established biomarkers such as programmed death-ligand 1, microsatellite instability, and high tumor mutational burden are used to predict responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors and inform perioperative strategies.