Characterization of bovine-teeth nanoparticles and its effect on BMP-2 expression in periodontitis rat model

Bovine teeth-derived nanoparticles show strong potential in regenerating alveolar bone tissue damaged by periodontitis. They possess osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties that stimulate cell differentiation, proliferation, and extracellular matrix formation. This study characterized nanoparticles from bovine teeth and evaluated their potential for alveolar bone regeneration via particle size analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, micro-computed tomography, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Twenty Wistar rats were divided into four groups: one control and three treatment groups, which were observed on days 7, 14, and 28. The rats were injected with lipopolysaccharides from Porphyromonas gingivalis to create a model of periodontitis model. Bovine teeth nanoparticles were applied to the periodontal pockets and covered with a periodontal dressing. The particle sizes ranged from 3.67 to 36.75 nm. TEM images revealed that the particles were spherical, while XRD analysis showed that the components consisted of 63% hydroxyapatite and 37% whitlockite. XRF analysis showed that the mineral content was highest in calcium (81.96%) and phosphorus (15.90%). BET analysis indicated that the characteristics of the nanoparticle material were similar to those of commercial bovine bone material. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of hydroxyapatite groups, including -OH, H2O, and P-4. BMP-2 expression levels were notably higher in the repaired bone on day 28 than on days 7 and 14. In conclusion, bovine teeth-derived nanoparticles demonstrate significant potential as biomaterials for alveolar bone regeneration in periodontitis therapy.