Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...

Hierarchy of Motor Control

Hierarchy of Motor Control

The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.

Muscle Coordination and Action

Muscle Coordination and Action

Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement....

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Enlarged area of support and the mechanics of the hip joint and pelvis movements during gravidas walking.

Gait & posture·2025

Same author

The role of physical activity in mitigating age-related changes in the neuromuscular control of gait.

npj aging·2025

Same author

Enhancing shared street accessibility in heritage sites for individuals with visual disabilities: a Canadian perspective.

Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences·2025

Same author

Magnetic resonance imaging of regional gray matter volume in persons who died by suicide.

Molecular psychiatry·2024

Same author

Understanding gait alterations: trunk flexion and its effects on walking neuromechanics.

The Journal of experimental biology·2024

Same author

What importance do donors and recipients attribute to the nuclear DNA-related genetic heritage of oocyte donation?

Human reproduction (Oxford, England)·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

Published on: November 6, 2015

A neuromechanical framework for the development of interlimb coordination.

S Salehpour¹, S Mathieu¹, F Sylos-Labini²

¹Laboratory of Physiology and Biomechanics of Human Locomotion, IoNs, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

|April 1, 2026

Summary

Human interlimb coordination develops from birth, becoming more reliable through maturation of neural pathways and biomechanics. This study views coordination as a calibrating system with potential pediatric applications.

Keywords:

Early development Human locomotion Interlimb coordination Neonatal stepping

More Related Videos

A Fine Motor Task to Study Joint Kinematics in a Preclinical Model of Neurodegenerative Disease

A Fine Motor Task to Study Joint Kinematics in a Preclinical Model of Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: June 13, 2025

Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis

Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis

Published on: July 22, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 3, 2026

A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

Published on: November 6, 2015

A Fine Motor Task to Study Joint Kinematics in a Preclinical Model of Neurodegenerative Disease

A Fine Motor Task to Study Joint Kinematics in a Preclinical Model of Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: June 13, 2025

Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis

Engineering Platform and Experimental Protocol for Design and Evaluation of a Neurally-controlled Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis

Published on: July 22, 2014

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Biomechanics

Background:

Interlimb coordination is crucial for human locomotion, involving spinal pattern generation, sensory feedback, and supraspinal modulation.
Early development shows flexible left-right and arm-leg couplings that adapt to sensory input and mechanical constraints.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the developmental trajectory of interlimb coordination from infancy to early childhood.
To understand coordination as a multilevel, calibrating system by integrating human and animal data.
To highlight the utility of neuromechanical models in testing developmental hypotheses.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of evidence from human neonatal and infant studies.
Comparative analysis of findings across human and non-human animal models.
Application of neuromechanical modeling with developmental parameterization.

Main Results:

Neonatal coordination patterns are flexible, adapting to sensory context and mechanical loading.
Coordination becomes more reliable and task-specific during the first two years due to neural maturation and biomechanical changes.
Reduced variability and stabilized phase relations characterize mature interlimb coordination.

Conclusions:

Interlimb coordination is a dynamic, multilevel system that calibrates throughout development.
Neuromechanical models provide valuable tools for investigating complex developmental processes.
Understanding conserved arm-leg interactions can inform pediatric interventions for atypical development and rehabilitation.