Unveiling the Clinical Potential of Prostate Cancer Three-dimensional Models: A Systematic Review.

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Biotechnology
• Genomics

Background:

• Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) and organotypic slice tissues are advanced 3D models for prostate cancer (PCa) research.
• These models preserve tumor architecture and molecular features, but their translational utility in precision oncology needs further definition.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically evaluate the feasibility, molecular accuracy, and translational potential of 3D prostate cancer models.
• This systematic review aims to define the role of these models in advancing PCa research and treatment.

Main Methods:

• A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, screening studies up to December 2024.
• Data extraction focused on organoid generation, molecular profiling, biomarker discovery, and drug testing outcomes from human-derived PCa 3D models.

Main Results:

• PDO establishment success rates varied (15-90%), influenced by sample type and disease stage.
• PDOs demonstrated high genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenetic concordance with patient tumors, capturing key alterations in AR signaling, TP53, and PTEN.
• Drug screening in PDOs recapitulated known responses and identified resistance mechanisms, though microenvironment limitations and establishment time persist.

Conclusions:

• Prostate cancer 3D models provide a relevant, patient-specific platform for studying tumor biology and predicting treatment outcomes.
• Despite ongoing challenges in standardization and scalability, organoids hold significant potential for integration into precision oncology pipelines.
• These models are valuable for identifying novel biomarkers and advancing personalized medicine approaches in PCa.