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Related Concept Videos

Protein-protein Interfaces02:04

Protein-protein Interfaces

Many proteins form complexes to carry out their functions, making protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential for an organism's survival. Most PPIs are stabilized by numerous weak noncovalent chemical forces. The physical shape of the interfaces determines the way two proteins interact. Many globular proteins have closely-matching shapes on their surfaces, which form a large number of weak bonds. Additionally, many PPIs occur between two helices or between a surface cleft and a polypeptide...
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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers
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Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers

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Single-molecule approaches to study G-quadruplex, R-loop, and protein interactions.

Sunghyun Cho1, Sua Myong1

  • 1Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology
|April 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

G-quadruplexes (G4) are DNA and RNA structures that regulate gene expression. This review explores how G4-binding proteins interact with these structures, impacting transcription and translation.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • G-quadruplexes (G4) are non-canonical nucleic acid structures formed by stacked guanine quartets.
  • G4s are stabilized by monovalent cations and are prevalent in both DNA and RNA within cells.
  • Their unique structure and stability can impede enzyme translocation and alter nucleic acid topology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review single-molecule approaches for studying G-quadruplex (G4)-binding protein (G4BP) interactions.
  • To highlight recent advancements in understanding G4 functions, particularly in R-loops and transcription.
  • To elucidate the regulatory roles of G4s and G4BPs in cellular processes.

Main Methods:

  • Focuses on single-molecule techniques to probe G4-G4BP interactions.
  • Reviews existing literature on G4 structures, their binding proteins, and cellular functions.
  • Integrates findings on G4 roles in R-loops and transcriptional regulation.

Main Results:

  • G4 structures act as physical barriers to enzymes, influencing nucleic acid topology.
  • G4-binding proteins (G4BPs), such as helicases, modulate G4 stability.
  • These interactions are crucial for regulating transcription and translation.

Conclusions:

  • G4s and their associated proteins play significant roles in gene expression regulation.
  • Single-molecule methods provide powerful tools for dissecting these complex interactions.
  • Further research into G4 functions, especially in R-loops and transcription, is essential for understanding cellular mechanisms.