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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Updated: Apr 5, 2026

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis at 7.0 Tesla
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MRI in multiple sclerosis: progress in in-vivo pathobiology.

Rosa Cortese1, Alessia Bianchi, Nicola De Stefano

  • 1Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.

Current Opinion in Neurology
|April 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) advances reveal multiple sclerosis (MS) involves interacting inflammation, metabolic, and neurodegenerative mechanisms. Advanced MRI biomarkers track disease progression and aid in developing precision therapies for MS.

Keywords:
demyelinationmagnetic resonance imagingmultiple sclerosisneurodegenerationsmoldering inflammation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Pathobiology

Background:

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has evolved beyond diagnostics for multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • MRI now investigates in-vivo MS pathobiology, including blood-brain barrier dysfunction, demyelination, neuroaxonal loss, glial activation, and network disruption.
  • Emerging evidence challenges the traditional inflammation-driven MS model, highlighting the role of central nervous system-intrinsic mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in MRI techniques for investigating MS.
  • To discuss how advanced MRI markers reveal complex pathobiological processes in MS.
  • To support a unified model of MS integrating inflammatory, metabolic, and neurodegenerative aspects.

Main Methods:

  • Review of advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques and biomarkers.
  • Analysis of conventional versus advanced MRI findings in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • Integration of imaging evidence with current understanding of MS pathobiology.

Main Results:

  • Conventional MRI markers (e.g., enhancing lesions) reflect focal inflammation.
  • Advanced MRI reveals diffuse vulnerability, chronic active lesions, meningeal inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and network failure.
  • These advanced biomarkers link focal pathology to chronic, smoldering, and neurodegenerative processes.

Conclusions:

  • MRI supports a unified MS model where inflammatory, metabolic, and neurodegenerative mechanisms interact.
  • Mechanistic MRI biomarkers allow for patient stratification and prognosis.
  • Advanced MRI provides sensitive outcome measures for novel MS therapies, advancing precision medicine.