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Updated: Apr 6, 2026
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Published on: April 28, 2023
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Recurrent Cystolithiasis with Urethral Obstruction in a Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) after a Bilateral S1 Ventral
Kelsey E Carroll1, Yinghui Qiu1, Peter Chu1
11California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
Summary
This study reports a rhesus macaque with spinal cord injury developing bladder stones (cystolithiasis) causing urethral obstruction. Prompt diagnosis and intervention are crucial for managing this emergency in nonhuman primates.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Neurology
- Urology
- Primate Research
Background:
- Spinal cord injury can affect lower urinary tract function.
- Urolithiasis is a known complication of spinal cord injury in humans.
- A nonhuman primate model of conus medullaris syndrome was used.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate lower urinary tract function after S1 ventral root avulsion injury in rhesus macaques.
- To report a case of cystolithiasis and urethral obstruction in a macaque with spinal cord injury.
Main Methods:
- Bilateral S1 ventral root avulsion injury in rhesus macaques.
- Longitudinal lower urinary tract studies.
- Diagnosis of cystolithiasis and urethral obstruction using physical examination, radiography, and ultrasound.
Main Results:
- One male macaque developed recurrent cystolithiasis and urethral obstruction 51 days post-injury.
- Bladder stones were composed of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.
- The condition was initially managed with catheterization but recurred, leading to euthanasia.
Conclusions:
- Spinal cord injury may be a risk factor for cystolithiasis in nonhuman primates.
- Expedited diagnosis and noninvasive imaging are vital for managing urethral obstruction.
- This is the first reported association of spinal cord injury syndrome with cystolithiasis in a nonhuman primate.
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