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Integrating green chemistry into SPION development: a theranostic study on prostate cell models
Beatriz Morais1, Vital Filho1,2, Célia T Sousa3
1Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, C2TN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, E.N. 10, km 139, 7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal. biatambara0504@gmail.com.
Nanoscale
|April 9, 2026
Summary
Green-synthesized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) with gold and gadolinium show enhanced dual-action cancer therapy. These nanohybrids offer a sustainable platform for multimodal theranostics, improving prostate cancer treatment.
Area of Science:
- Nanotechnology
- Materials Science
- Biomedical Engineering
Background:
- Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are key for multimodal theranostics.
- Developing green synthesis methods for SPIONs is crucial for sustainability.
- Hybrid nanoplatforms combining SPIONs with other elements offer enhanced therapeutic potential.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare green-synthesized Fe3O4@Au@Gd nanoplatforms with conventionally prepared ones.
- To evaluate the dual therapeutic efficacy (radiosensitization and magnetic hyperthermia) of these nanohybrids.
- To assess their potential for integrated prostate cancer theranostics.
Main Methods:
- Green synthesis of Fe3O4@Au@Gd nanoplatforms using Nymphaea alba leaf extract.
- Conventional synthesis of dextran-coated SPIONs.
- Structural, magnetic, and elemental analyses (PIXE).
- In vitro evaluation of radiosensitization and magnetic hyperthermia efficacy on PC3 cancer cells.
- Relaxometry for MRI contrast assessment.
Main Results:
- Green synthesis achieved enhanced gadolinium incorporation compared to conventional methods.
- Radiosensitization was mediated by the gold shell, increasing ROS-dependent cytotoxicity.
- Magnetic hyperthermia efficiency was enhanced by gadolinium, showing selective cytotoxicity.
- The nanohybrids provided T2-weighted MRI contrast.
Conclusions:
- Green-synthesized SPION-Au-Gd nanohybrids are a sustainable and tunable platform for multimodal theranostics.
- These nanoplatforms demonstrate dual therapeutic activity with distinct mechanisms.
- The study highlights the potential for advanced prostate cancer treatment using these novel nanohybrids.
