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Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 12, 2026

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
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A Systematic Review of Patient-Reported Outcome Instruments Relevant to Glaucoma.

Michael Saheb Kashaf1, Niranjani Nagarajan2, Jimmy T Le3

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.

Journal of Glaucoma
|April 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Few patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for adult glaucoma meet quality standards for development. While some PROMs lack rigorous development evidence, they have been validated and can be used cautiously in clinical practice.

Keywords:
glaucomainstrument developmentinstrument validationpatient-reported outcome measurespatient-reported outcomes

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Health Outcomes Research
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are crucial for assessing the impact of glaucoma on patients' lives.
  • Assessing the quality of PROMs used in adult glaucoma is essential for reliable data collection.
  • Existing PROMs vary widely in their development and validation processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for adult glaucoma.
  • To assess the quality of PROM development and validation using rigorous criteria.
  • To provide guidance on the appropriate use of existing glaucoma-related PROMs.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic search of multiple databases was conducted for vision-related PROMs in adult glaucoma.
  • Reports on PROM development, validation, adaptation, or extension were included.
  • The Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) Risk of Bias checklist was used to evaluate PROM development quality.

Main Results:

  • Out of 91 instruments, only 17 (19%) demonstrated adequate development according to COSMIN criteria.
  • Fifty-seven instruments were developed specifically for glaucoma patients; the rest were validated in this population.
  • Instruments assessed a range of outcomes including quality of life, symptoms, and treatment satisfaction.

Conclusions:

  • A small proportion of PROMs for adult glaucoma meet high-quality development standards.
  • Some PROMs, despite limited development evidence, are validated and can be judiciously employed.
  • Understanding PROM limitations and adhering to best practices in development and validation is critical.