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Oogenesis

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...

Oogenesis

Oogenesis

Oogenesis, the process of developing egg cells (female gametes), occurs within the ovaries and is fundamental to female fertility. This sequence begins during fetal development when diploid oogonia in the developing ovaries undergo mitotic divisions to produce primary oocytes. By birth, these primary oocytes enter prophase I of meiosis but become arrested in this stage, remaining suspended until puberty.
Each primary oocyte is surrounded by a layer of pre-granulosa cells, forming what is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Single Oocyte Bisulfite Mutagenesis

Single Oocyte Bisulfite Mutagenesis

Published on: June 27, 2012

Probing Proteoform Heterogeneity From Single Human Oocytes.

Nickolas P Fisher¹, Vijaya Lakshmi Kanchustambham¹, Elizabeth L Tsui²

¹Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Proteomics Center Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.

Molecular & Cellular Proteomics : MCP

|April 12, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study analyzed protein changes in human oocytes across puberty using single-cell mass spectrometry. Findings reveal age-related proteoform differences, crucial for improving in vitro maturation and fertility preservation success.

Keywords:

oocytes posttranslational modifications proteoforms single-cell proteomics top-down mass spectrometry

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Last Updated: Apr 13, 2026

Single Oocyte Bisulfite Mutagenesis

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Published on: June 27, 2012

Extraction, Labeling, and Purification of Lineage-Specific Cells from Human Antral Follicles

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Published on: November 30, 2022

Defining the Program of Maternal mRNA Translation during In vitro Maturation using a Single Oocyte Reporter Assay

Defining the Program of Maternal mRNA Translation during In vitro Maturation using a Single Oocyte Reporter Assay

Published on: June 16, 2021

Area of Science:

Reproductive Biology
Proteomics
Cellular Biology

Background:

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) offers fertility preservation for young patients facing gonadotoxic treatments.
While ovarian tissue transplantation (OTT) can restore fertility, risks of malignant cell reintroduction limit options for some.
Improving in vitro maturation (IVM) of immature oocytes is critical for expanding fertility restoration, especially for prepubertal patients.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize intact proteoforms in single human oocytes across the pubertal transition.
To identify age-related changes in the oocyte proteome.
To establish a foundation for enhancing IVM efficiency and fertility restoration accessibility.

Main Methods:

Single-cell proteoform imaging mass spectrometry (scPiMS) was employed to analyze intact proteoforms in human oocytes.
Proteomic analysis was performed on oocytes from ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) donors aged 2-33 years.
scPiMS was used to differentiate proteoforms in oocytes versus cumulus granulosa cells within cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs).

Main Results:

Identified 559 proteins and 769 unique proteoforms across 28 oocytes, averaging 78 proteoforms per oocyte.
Characterized proteoform landscapes for the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC) components KHDC3 and OOEP.
Discovered novel proteoforms in KHDC3 and OOEP that vary with donor age, highlighting pubertal changes.

Conclusions:

This study provides the first comprehensive proteomic characterization of human oocytes across puberty.
Understanding age-specific proteoform changes is essential for optimizing IVM protocols.
These findings lay the groundwork for improving fertility restoration outcomes for a broader patient population.