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Updated: Apr 14, 2026

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Published on: July 30, 2017

Synthesis, Characterization, and Application of Pd(II)-NNN Pincer Complexes in Direct C-H Arylation of Heteroarenes

Prakash N Swami¹, Nikita Khichar¹, Aarzoo¹

¹Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India.

|April 13, 2026

Abstract:

We report the synthesis, characterization, and catalytic activity of two new palladium-(II) complexes featuring benzo-[d]-oxazol-2-yl-based pincer ligands, namely, [Pd-(NNN^mor)-Cl] (C1) [Pd-(NNN^pic)-Cl] (C2), and (where NNN^mor = N-(2-(benzo-[d]-oxazol-2-yl)-phenyl)-2-morpholinoacetamide) NNN^pic = N-(2-(benzo-[d]-oxazol-2-yl)-phenyl) picolinamide. Structures of the ligands and the complexes were confirmed by FTIR, NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Further, the molecular structure of C2 in the solid state was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex showed pincer coordination mode with a distorted square planar geometry. The catalytic activity of these Pd-(II) complexes in the direct arylation of indazoles and other heteroarenes with aryl bromides has been explored, with complex C2 exhibiting better reactivity compared to complex C1. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the catalytic pathway involves a Pd^II-Pd^IV-Pd^II cycle. The results are supported by DFT calculations.

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