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Integrated Genetic Networks and Epigenetic Regulation inTooth Development and Maturation.

Dong-Joon Lee1,2, Hyung-Jin Won3, Jeong-Oh Shin3

  • 1Department of Oral Histology, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea.

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|April 13, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tooth development (odontogenesis) relies on intricate gene networks and epigenetic factors. This review integrates signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetics for a unified understanding of tooth formation and regenerative potential.

Keywords:
DNA methylationdental stem cellsepigenetic regulationhistone modificationsmicroRNAodontogenesisregenerative dentistrysignaling pathwaystooth development

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Tooth development (odontogenesis) is a complex process involving oral epithelium and neural crest-derived mesenchyme.
  • Gene regulatory networks and epigenetic factors orchestrate tooth formation from initiation to eruption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a unified framework integrating signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic regulation in tooth development.
  • To discuss applications in regenerative dentistry, including iPSC-derived dental models and multi-omics approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review compiling existing knowledge on tooth development.
  • Integration of data on signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, BMP, FGF, Shh), transcription factors (PAX9, MSX1, PITX2, LEF1), and epigenetic modifications (DNA methylation, histone modifications, microRNAs).

Main Results:

  • Identified four conserved signaling pathways crucial for epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during tooth development.
  • Highlighted the role of key transcription factors in interpreting signals for cell fate decisions.
  • Emphasized epigenetic modifications as fine-tuners of gene expression programs in odontogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • A unified understanding of tooth development integrates signaling, transcription factors, and epigenetics.
  • Knowledge of developmental mechanisms offers potential for regenerative dentistry, though clinical application requires further research.