Modulation of the Immune-Inflammatory Microenvironment by Implant Material Properties in Peri-Implantitis

Dental implant technology is widely used in clinical practice as a key approach for restoring partially or fully edentulous jaws. However, the occurrence of peri-implantitis significantly impacts the long-term success rate of dental implants, making it one of the key challenges in the field of implant dentistry. Peri-implantitis involves pathological changes in both soft and hard tissues surrounding dental implants, with its core pathological mechanism closely associated with the dysregulation of the immune inflammatory microenvironment. This article systematically reviews the core components of the immune-inflammatory microenvironment in peri-implantitis, including the activation mechanisms and functions of macrophages, the complement system, Langerhans cells, and adaptive immune cells, as well as the roles of key molecular pathways in regulating this microenvironment. It further explores the interaction mechanisms between implant material properties and the immune-inflammatory microenvironment. Finally, it summarizes current prevention and treatment strategies and provides an outlook on future research directions in this field.