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NetworkGuard: An Edge-Based Virtual Network Sensing Architecture for Real-Time Security Monitoring in Smart Home

Dalia El Khaled¹, Raghad AlOtaibi¹, Nuria Novas²

¹Faculty of Computer Studies, Arab Open University, Riyadh 11681, Saudi Arabia.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|April 14, 2026

Summary

NetworkGuard enhances smart home security using an edge-based network sensing framework. This system effectively monitors network traffic and improves security through DNS filtering and VPN tunneling.

Keywords:

AI-assisted network analysis IoT edge computing cybersecurity sensing edge-based sensing network traffic monitoring smart home security virtual network sensing

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Area of Science:

Computer Science
Network Security
Internet of Things (IoT)

Background:

Residential smart homes generate vast amounts of network data.
Existing security solutions often lack comprehensive, integrated monitoring at the network edge.
The need for lightweight, adaptable security frameworks for small-scale IoT environments is growing.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce NetworkGuard, a modular edge-based virtual network sensing framework for residential smart home security.
To evaluate the effectiveness of NetworkGuard's integrated security features, including DNS filtering and VPN tunneling.
To demonstrate the feasibility of a reproducible, lightweight edge architecture for IoT security.

Main Methods:

Implementation of NetworkGuard on a Raspberry Pi 4 with an Android interface.
Integration of DNS filtering (Pi-hole), firewall enforcement (UFW), and VPN tunneling (WireGuard).
Deployment in a residential setting for six weeks, including controlled validation scenarios.

Main Results:

DNS blocking efficiency improved from 81.2% to 97.0% after blocklist refinement.
VPN connection establishment time decreased from ~3012 ms to 2410 ms after tuning.
Consistent firewall enforcement and VPN tunnel containment were confirmed in validation tests.

Conclusions:

NetworkGuard provides effective gateway-level monitoring for residential smart home security.
Layered security principles can be successfully adapted into a lightweight edge architecture.
The framework is suitable for small-scale IoT environments, reducing reliance on enterprise infrastructure.