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Fused Filament Fabrication FFF of Metal-Ceramic Components
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Monolithic Potentiometric Cell Using Fused Filament Fabrication.

Dario Torricelli1, Daniel Rojas1, Gastón Crespo1,2,3

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|April 14, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel 3D printed potentiometric cell (3DP-PC) for decentralized ion sensing. This integrated device offers a low-cost, disposable solution for analyzing potassium ions in various samples, paving the way for on-demand sensor production.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Solid-contact electrodes have enabled decentralized ion sensing in health, environmental, and sports applications.
  • A fully integrated, low-cost potentiometric cell has been a long-standing challenge.
  • Previous methods often require complex manufacturing and assembly processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the first monolithic, fully 3D printed potentiometric cell (3DP-PC) using fused filament fabrication (FFF).
  • To integrate both ion-selective and reference electrodes into a single, disposable device.
  • To assess the performance and applicability of the 3DP-PC for potassium ion detection.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a monolithic potentiometric cell using 3D printing (FFF) technology.
  • Integration of ion-selective and reference electrodes within the 3D printed device.
  • Potentiometric analysis of potassium ion concentration in various liquid samples.

Main Results:

  • The 3DP-PC showed a linear response for potassium ions (10⁻⁵–10⁻¹ M) with a slope of 56.4 mV/decade and a limit of detection around 10⁻⁶ M.
  • The device demonstrated good potential reproducibility (±4 mV) and minimal drift (short-term: 115 μV/h, long-term: -419 μV/h over 72 h).
  • Successful and reliable detection of potassium ions in artificial interstitial fluid and sweat samples with near 100% recovery.

Conclusions:

  • This work presents a significant milestone in creating fully 3D printed solid-contact potentiometric cells.
  • The 3DP-PC offers a simplified, low-cost, and disposable platform for decentralized potentiometric sensing.
  • The technology has the potential to revolutionize the on-demand production of sensing platforms, eliminating complex manufacturing and assembly.