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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

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Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...
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Urethra01:16

Urethra

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The urethra is a hollowed tubular organ through which urine is expelled from the body. This structure extends from the bladder to the external opening, allowing urine to be released.
The anatomy of the urethra differs between males and females. In females, the urethra is short, measuring about 3–4 cm in length, and opens anterior to the vaginal opening. In males, the urethra is longer and passes through the penis, serving dual purposes: expelling urine and ejaculating semen. The male...
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Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
Healthcare providers should gather a comprehensive medical history and conduct a physical examination for diagnosis. If esophageal stricture is...
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Ureters01:22

Ureters

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The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
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Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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[Reconstructive aspects of radical cystectomy with orthotopic bladder replacement].

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The long-term outcome of urethrotomy for primary urethral strictures: a population-based analysis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 16, 2026

Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis
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Vessel-sparing Excision and Primary Anastomosis

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[Urethral stricture].

Livia Jachs1, Karl Mock2, Leonie Rosa de Pauli2

  • 1Urologie, Klinik Donaustadt, Wien, Österreich. livia.jachs@gesundheitsverbund.at.

Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
|April 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Urethral stricture, a narrowing of the urethra, causes urinary obstruction mainly in men. Open urethroplasty offers high success for complex cases, while monitoring is key for preventing recurrence.

Keywords:
Reconstructivesurgical proceduresSpongiofibrosisUrethralnarrowingUrethralstrictureUrethroplasty

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Urethroplasty with Pedicled Tunica Vaginalis for the Treatment of Long-segment Anterior Urethral Stricture Caused by Lichen Sclerosus of Glans Penis
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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Surgical Innovation
  • Fibrotic Disease Research

Background:

  • Urethral stricture involves fibrotic narrowing of the urethra, causing lower urinary tract obstruction, primarily in men.
  • Iatrogenic factors are the leading cause in industrialized nations, stemming from inflammation or trauma leading to spongiofibrosis.
  • Clinical presentation includes obstructive voiding symptoms, urinary retention, and potential renal complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of urethral strictures.
  • To compare the efficacy of various treatment modalities, including minimally invasive and open reconstructive surgeries.
  • To highlight the importance of follow-up for managing recurrence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on urethral stricture etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • Analysis of diagnostic tools, including uroflowmetry and retrograde urethrography (gold standard).
  • Evaluation of surgical outcomes for dilation, internal urethrotomy, and open urethroplasty (including anastomosis and substitution techniques).

Main Results:

  • Minimally invasive treatments for short strictures have high recurrence rates.
  • Open urethroplasty demonstrates long-term success rates up to 95% for long or recurrent strictures.
  • Autologous oral mucosa grafts and emerging tissue-engineered grafts are effective reconstructive options.

Conclusions:

  • Open urethroplasty is the gold standard for complex urethral strictures, offering superior long-term outcomes.
  • Structured follow-up is crucial for detecting recurrence and ensuring treatment success.
  • Advancements in reconstructive techniques, including tissue engineering, hold promise for improved patient management.