Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Decision Making

Decision Making

Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...

First Impression

First Impression

First impressions play a crucial role in social perception, shaping how individuals assess others in professional, academic, and interpersonal contexts. Psychological research highlights the significance of cognitive biases, such as the primacy and recency effects, which influence how people interpret and recall information.The Primacy Effect and Cognitive AnchoringThe primacy effect describes the tendency for initial information to impact judgment disproportionately. When individuals encounter...

Confirmation Biases

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?

Reason and Intuition

Reason and Intuition

The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...

Self-Discrepancy Theory

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.

Factors Affecting Perception

Factors Affecting Perception

Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
An illustrative example of a perceptual set is the scenario where an airline pilot told...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Serial effects in choice and confidence modulate each other: Evidence from 26 experiments.

Cognition·2026

Same author

Confidence in naturalistic decision making.

Neuroscience of consciousness·2026

Same author

Response Time as a Proxy for Decision Confidence: Insights From Type-2 ROC Analysis.

Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science·2026

Same author

Type-1 and type-2 decisions feature computational noise of similar magnitude.

Communications psychology·2026

Same author

Using Artificial Neural Networks to Relate External Sensory Features to Internal Decisional Evidence.

Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science·2026

Same author

Correcting for unequal variance in signal detection models using response time.

iScience·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

Confidence-accuracy dissociations in perceptual decision making.

Dobromir Rahnev¹

¹School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States.

Vision Research

|April 17, 2026

Summary

Confidence-accuracy dissociations, where confidence diverges from accuracy, are key to understanding confidence computation. This review categorizes these dissociations and explores their underlying mechanisms and interpretations.

Keywords:

Confidence Perceptual decision making Positive evidence bias Variance neglect Visual metacognition

More Related Videos

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Published on: December 5, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues

Published on: June 3, 2013

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Online Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Dorsomedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Cognition Decision Making, and Cognitive Dissonance

Published on: December 5, 2025

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Computational Modeling

Background:

Confidence in perceptual tasks usually correlates with accuracy.
Experimental manipulations creating confidence-accuracy dissociations are crucial for studying confidence computation.
Existing methods for creating and interpreting these dissociations lack consensus.

Purpose of the Study:

To categorize existing confidence-accuracy dissociations.
To examine mechanistic explanations for these dissociations.
To address confusions and open questions regarding their interpretation.

Main Methods:

Review and categorization of existing literature on confidence-accuracy dissociations.
Analysis of stimulus, task, and brain manipulations leading to dissociations.
Examination of mechanistic explanations and conceptual issues.

Main Results:

Confidence-accuracy dissociations can be induced by various manipulations (stimulus, task, brain).
Multiple mechanisms underlie these dissociations.
Key areas of confusion include the concept of "positive evidence," metacognitive noise, and reaction time.

Conclusions:

Confidence-accuracy dissociations are produced by diverse mechanisms.
Computational models of confidence should be validated by their ability to predict novel dissociations.
Further research is needed to clarify the interpretation and application of confidence-accuracy dissociations.