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Updated: Apr 24, 2026

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions
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How Visible is the Sex Work in Iran?

Azam Rastegari1, Mohammad Reza Baneshi1,2, Nooshin Zarei3

  • 1Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.

Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran
|April 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Estimating stigmatized behaviors like sex work requires adjusting Network Scale-Up (NSU) data with a Visibility Factor (VF). This study compared three VF methods, finding significant differences in estimates for sex work prevalence.

Keywords:
Female Sex WorkerIranNetwork Scale UpVisibility

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Social Sciences
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Network Scale-Up (NSU) is a key method for estimating stigmatized behaviors.
  • Underestimation in NSU is common due to the sensitive nature of behaviors, necessitating a Visibility Factor (VF) adjustment.
  • This study focuses on comparing VF calculation methods within female sex worker (FSW) populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare three distinct methods for calculating the Visibility Factor (VF): Game of Contact (GC), Social Respect (SR), and Expert Opinion (EO).
  • To evaluate the suitability of these VF methods for accurately estimating the prevalence of sex work.
  • To highlight the need for standardized VF calculation in research involving sensitive behaviors.

Main Methods:

  • The Game of Contact (GC) method involved asking FSWs about their network's awareness of their profession.
  • The Social Respect (SR) method surveyed the general population on their knowledge of and respect for FSWs.
  • Expert Opinion (EO) was gathered from 14 experts in HIV and health policy regarding sex work visibility in Iran.

Main Results:

  • Expert Opinion (EO) yielded the lowest VF at 38%.
  • The Game of Contact (GC) method estimated VF at 67%, with no significant difference between male and female alters.
  • The Social Respect (SR) method suggested a higher VF of 77%, with variations between male (83%) and female (62%) respondents.

Conclusions:

  • Different VF calculation methods produce substantially different estimates.
  • The variability in VF estimates underscores the need for a standardized approach in research.
  • Applying a consistent VF calculation method is crucial for reliable comparisons across studies on sensitive behaviors.