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The Economics and Econometrics of Gene-Environment Interplay
Pietro Biroli1, Titus Galama2, Stephanie von Hinke3
1University of Bologna, Italy.
The Review of Economic Studies
|April 23, 2026
Summary
Gene-environment interactions reveal how genetics and schooling influence educational success. School environments can mitigate genetic disparities in educational attainment.
Area of Science:
- Behavioral Genetics
- Educational Psychology
- Sociology of Education
Background:
- Understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) is crucial for educational research.
- Gene-environment (GxE) interactions offer insights into differential treatment effects and underlying mechanisms.
- School starting age is a significant environmental factor that may moderate genetic influences on educational attainment.
Purpose of the Study:
- To estimate the interplay between genes and environments in educational attainment.
- To empirically illustrate the moderating effect of school starting age on genetic predisposition.
- To demonstrate the utility of GxE studies for assessing treatment heterogeneity, testing theories, and uncovering mechanisms.
Main Methods:
- Utilized statistical modeling to analyze gene-environment interactions.
- Employed an empirical illustration focusing on school starting age and genetic propensity for educational attainment.
- Examined the differential impact of being old-for-grade on assessment test performance.
Main Results:
- Children with a higher genetic propensity for education and those who are old-for-grade show benefits on assessment tests as they progress through school.
- Families appear to exacerbate genetic inequalities in educational attainment.
- Schools seem to play a role in reducing these genetic inequalities.
Conclusions:
- GxE studies are valuable tools for understanding complex human traits like educational attainment.
- School environments can moderate the expression of genetic influences on education.
- Interventions and policies should consider GxE interactions to effectively address educational disparities.
Keywords:
ALSPACD1D3Gene–environment interplayGenoeconomicsI1I2J1Polygenic indicesSchool entry policiesSocial science geneticsMore Related Videos
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