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Low-Temperature Sintering Inks for Printed Bioelectronics: Materials, Mechanisms, and Emerging Ideas
Abhijit Bera1, Fei Liu1, Matthew R Marander1
1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University of Science and Technology, 528 Bissell Rd, Ames, IA 50012, USA.
Biosensors
|April 27, 2026
Summary
Low-temperature sintering inks are crucial for printed bioelectronics, enabling flexible biosensor fabrication. This review covers material innovations and sintering techniques for advanced wearable and implantable devices.
Area of Science:
- Materials Science
- Electronics Engineering
- Biotechnology
Background:
- Printed electronics offer low-cost fabrication of biosensors on flexible substrates.
- High-temperature sintering is incompatible with flexible substrates and biological components.
- Low-temperature sintering inks are essential for bio-integrated electronics.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the state-of-the-art in low-temperature sintering inks for printed bioelectronics.
- To discuss challenges and emerging directions in this field.
- To highlight applications in wearable, implantable, and soft biosensing.
Main Methods:
- Review of inks based on metal nanoparticles, precursors, oxides, chalcogenides, and hybrids.
- Analysis of ink chemistry, ligand selection, and precursor structure effects.
- Comparison of various low-temperature sintering strategies (thermal, photonic, laser, etc.).
Main Results:
- Ink properties are governed by chemistry, ligands, and structure, influencing rheology and sintering.
- Various sintering methods offer different energy delivery and densification mechanisms.
- Emerging trends include room-temperature sintering and sustainable biobased inks.
Conclusions:
- Low-temperature sintering inks are key enablers for advanced printed bioelectronics.
- Further research into ink formulation and sintering processes is needed.
- These technologies will drive innovation in wearable and implantable biosensing platforms.
