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Neuromuscular Activation Patterns in Response to Windlass Stimulation and Biofeedback: A Surface EMG Study.

Laura Carrasco-Fernández1, Álvaro Gómez-Del Pino2, Manuel García-Sillero1

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Summary

Elite female handball players showed altered foot muscle activity during squats using hallux wedges and visual biofeedback to enhance foot stability and reduce injury risk.

Keywords:
biofeedbackneuromuscular activationwindlass mechanism

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Handball's high-demand actions increase injury risk.
  • The Windlass mechanism (WM) enhances foot stability via plantar fascia tensioning.
  • Mechanical simulation of WM using hallux wedges allows controlled dorsiflexion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the effect of wedge inclinations on foot muscle activity during squats.
  • Examine the role of visual biofeedback in modulating foot muscle response.
  • Assess strategies for improving foot stability in elite female handball players.

Main Methods:

  • Seventeen elite female handball players performed squats at 65% of one-repetition maximum.
  • Three wedge inclinations (0°, 10°, 30°) were tested with and without visual biofeedback.
  • Electromyographic activity of foot muscles was recorded.

Main Results:

  • A 10° wedge without biofeedback increased abductor hallucis activation.
  • Visual biofeedback significantly enhanced intrinsic foot muscle activity (RMS and %MVC).
  • Visual biofeedback also increased gastrocnemius activity (RMS).

Conclusions:

  • Hallux wedges and visual biofeedback modulate foot muscle activity during squats.
  • These methods can enhance foot stability in athletes.
  • Potential application in training programs to reduce injury risk in handball players.