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  2. Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation Models For Region Of Interest Identification.
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  2. Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation Models For Region Of Interest Identification.

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Unsupervised Semantic Segmentation Models for Region of Interest Identification.

David J Degnan1,2, Bailey G Knight1, Logan A Lewis1

  • 1Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States.

Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry
|April 27, 2026

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eight unsupervised segmentation algorithms were compared for automated tissue region annotation. K-means and pytorch-tip showed best performance for spatial omics data, emphasizing model selection for accurate results.

Keywords:
medical imagingsegmentationsemantic segmentationunsupervised machine learning

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Area of Science:

  • Computational pathology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Image analysis

Background:

  • Spatial omics technologies like mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) provide molecular distributions but require correlation with tissue morphology.
  • Manual annotation of tissue regions of interest (ROIs) for MSI data is time-consuming.
  • Automated segmentation models offer a time-saving alternative for annotating ROIs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the performance of eight unsupervised semantic segmentation algorithms for automated ROI annotation in MSI data.
  • To evaluate the impact of noise reduction techniques on segmentation accuracy.
  • To provide recommendations for selecting optimal segmentation models for spatial omics studies.

Main Methods:

  • Eight unsupervised semantic segmentation algorithms (R and Python) were applied to PAS-stained kidney and plant root images.
  • Manual annotations were used as ground truth for performance evaluation.
  • Dimension reduction techniques were tested for noise reduction.
  • Performance metrics (e.g., balanced accuracy, time) were calculated for each model.
  • Main Results:

    • K-means and pytorch-tip demonstrated the best performance in terms of balanced accuracy and processing time, particularly at smaller cluster sizes.
    • All algorithms showed decreased performance with increasing cluster numbers.
    • The choice of segmentation model significantly impacted downstream statistical analyses.

    Conclusions:

    • Unsupervised segmentation models can effectively automate tissue ROI annotation for spatial omics data.
    • Model selection is crucial and should be based on case-specific performance evaluation, as no single model excels in all scenarios.
    • K-means and pytorch-tip are recommended for specific applications requiring a balance of accuracy and speed.