Overview of Endocrine Dysfunction in Children with Turner Syndrome

Turner syndrome (TS) is a common, non-heritable genetic condition affecting ~1 in 2000 females and is brought on by complete or partial absence of the second sex chromosome. Neurocognitive impairments and a variety of conditions, including endocrinopathies, renal abnormalities, lymphedema, congenital heart disease, and celiac disease, are linked to TS. Compared to the general population, TS patients have far higher rates of endocrine illnesses, including short stature, ovarian insufficiency, autoimmune thyroid diseases, glucose dyshomeostasis, obesity, bone abnormalities, androgen deficiency, gonadoblastoma, and adrenal tumors. This review provides endocrinologists with a narrative overview of the clinical picture, diagnostic procedures, and current approaches to the management of the endocrine abnormalities that affect children with TS.