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Updated: Apr 29, 2026

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice
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The Interaction between Sleep and Development on Wake EEG Oscillations.

Sophia Snipes1,2, Valeria Jaramillo3,4,5,6, Elena Krugliakova3,7

  • 1Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich 8008, Switzerland sophia.snipes@icm-institute.org.

Eneuro
|April 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sleep and age significantly impact brainwave activity during wakefulness, similar to sleep patterns. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) did not show distinct wake EEG differences when sleep quality was controlled.

Keywords:
ADHDEEGaperiodicdevelopmentoscillation burstssleep

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Sleep Science

Background:

  • Sleep impacts electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns, particularly slow waves in non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep.
  • These sleep-related EEG changes interact with age and neurodevelopmental disorders like attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how sleep and developmental stage influence EEG oscillations during wakefulness.
  • To compare wake EEG characteristics between children with ADHD and neurotypical controls, controlling for sleep quality.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed EEG data from 163 participants aged 3-25 years.
  • Measured age- and sleep-dependent changes in oscillatory (amplitude, density) and aperiodic (offsets, exponents) EEG activity.
  • Compared wake EEG in children with ADHD (N=58) to controls, ensuring good habitual sleep quality.

Main Results:

  • Wake oscillation amplitudes mirrored sleep slow wave dynamics: decreasing with age and after sleep.
  • Overnight changes in alpha band oscillation density differed by age group: decreasing in children, increasing in adolescents/adults.
  • Aperiodic EEG measures showed age and sleep effects, but ADHD did not significantly impact any wake EEG measures when sleep quality was controlled.

Conclusions:

  • Wake EEG activity is influenced by sleep history and developmental stage, similar to sleep EEG.
  • Previously observed ADHD-related wake EEG differences might be attributable to sleep quality variations.
  • Controlling for sleep/wake history and measurement timing is crucial for EEG studies, especially in pediatric populations.