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Stool Dynamics and the Developing Gut Microbiome During Infancy.

Mohammed Al-Andoli¹, Sarah Schoch^2,3, Andjela Markovic^1,2

¹Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.

Journal of Biological Rhythms

|January 20, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Infant gut microbiome diversity increases with longer intervals between bowel movements and wakefulness. Stool timing and infant age influence microbial composition, highlighting the impact of daily rhythms on gut health.

Keywords:

beta diversity child maturation circadian rhythm fecal dynamics intestinal microbiota precision medicine relative abundance

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Area of Science:

Microbiology
Developmental Biology
Chronobiology

Background:

The infant gut microbiome is crucial for development and immune maturation.
Gut microbial composition fluctuates over a 24-hour cycle, potentially influencing host sleep-wake patterns.
Understanding factors influencing infant gut microbiota timing is vital for its use as a health indicator.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between stool dynamics, sleep pressure, meal timing, and infant gut microbial composition.
To determine how behavioral and physiological factors influence the developing infant gut microbiome.
To identify time-based factors affecting microbial diversity, richness, evenness, and abundance.

Main Methods:

Analysis of stool samples from 198 healthy infants (3-31 months old).
Assessment of microbial diversity, richness, evenness, and abundance.
Correlation of microbial data with defecation interval, sampling time, sleep pressure, and meal timing.

Main Results:

Longer defecation intervals correlated with increased microbial diversity, evenness, and richness.
Stool sampling time and infant age influenced microbial composition, with diurnal fluctuations stabilizing with age.
Longer wakefulness periods were linked to higher microbial diversity in younger infants.
Specific phyla shifts observed: decreased Proteobacteria and increased Actinobacteria with longer intervals; increased Actinobacteria with later sampling; decreased Bacteroidetes with longer fasting; trend of decreased Firmicutes with longer wakefulness.

Conclusions:

Time-based factors, including stool dynamics and sleep pressure, significantly influence infant gut microbiome composition.
Infant gut microbial composition becomes more stable and less influenced by diurnal rhythms as the infant matures.
Behavioral and physiological rhythms play a key role in shaping the infant gut microbiome.