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Stress Sensing Based on Upconversion Piezo-Luminescence Effect.

Xiyuan Liu1,2, Zijie Cao1,2, Leyi Li1,2

  • 1Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensors and Advanced Sensing Materials, Xiangtan 411201, China.

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|April 28, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flexible stress sensors using upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) were developed. These sensors quantify stress by measuring changes in luminescence, clarifying the underlying mechanism for improved applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) offer noncontact and interference-immune stress sensing capabilities.
  • The precise mechanism of UCNP stress response is not fully understood, hindering their practical use.
  • Core-shell UCNPs, specifically NaGdF₄/Er@NaYbF₄@NaYF₄, were investigated for their potential in sensing applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To fabricate a flexible piezo-luminescent composite material for stress sensing using UCNPs.
  • To elucidate the mechanism behind the stress-induced changes in UCNP luminescence.
  • To enable quantitative and continuous stress detection using a novel sensing approach.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a flexible composite material by dispersing core-shell UCNPs in a PDMS elastomer.
  • Experimental analysis of the upconversion luminescence spectrum under uniaxial compressive stress.
  • Investigation of UCNP concentration effects, power-dependent luminescence, and theoretical modeling.

Main Results:

  • A linear relationship was observed between the stress (0-5 kPa) and the intensity ratio of violet to green luminescence (I₄₀₈/I₅₄₀).
  • Sensitivities ranging from 0.261 kPa⁻¹ to 0.032 kPa⁻¹ were achieved, enabling quantitative stress detection.
  • Stress-induced changes in interparticle distance were identified as the key factor affecting energy transfer efficiency and luminescence modulation.

Conclusions:

  • The developed UCNP-based composite material demonstrates effective flexible stress sensing capabilities.
  • The study clarifies the piezo-luminescent mechanism, attributing it to stress-modulated interparticle distances and energy transfer efficiency.
  • This research provides valuable insights for advancing UCNP applications in flexible stress sensing technology.