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Updated: Apr 30, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
Published on: March 1, 2015
[Facelift-quo vadis?]
1Noahklinik GmbH, Kurfürstenstraße 10-12, 34117, Kassel, Deutschland. noah@noahklinik.de.
Abstract:
Facelift surgery has evolved from superficial skin excisions to anatomically guided reconstruction of the deep facial and cervical layers. Modern deep-plane, extended deep-plane, and deep-neck techniques address the functional superficial muscular aponeurotic system (SMAS)-platysma unit, the retaining ligaments, and deep cervical structures. Preservation-based approaches, the crevasse technique, and recent endoscopic modalities emphasize structural integrity and natural vector repositioning. This article reviews the historical evolution of facelift, the anatomical principles, classical and contemporary techniques, and the newest modifications and emerging innovations, outlining future directions in cervicofacial rejuvenation.
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