MOF-based composite catalysts for CO₂ reduction: Recent advances and perspectives

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are represented as the potential candidates of photo and electro-catalytic CO₂ reduction due to their incredible surface area, phenotypic structures, varied porosity and defined morphologies. Nevertheless, experimental usage of pristine MOFs in the reduction of CO₂ is difficult, as they are inherently low-conductive in electricity, unstable in their makeup, and experience weak metal-oxygen interaction. The core concepts of photo and electro-catalytic CO₂ reduction are first described in this review to give the background to the understanding of MOF-based catalytic systems. It then critically discusses the structural properties of MOFs and its derivatives and identifies the key shortcomings which limit catalytic performance. To address these issues, the recent developments of MOF-based composite catalysts have been discussed, such as MOF@graphene, MOF@metal oxides, MOF@MXene, and MOF@layered double hydroxide (LDH). These composites exhibit better conductivity, greater stability, better metaloxygen interactions and better catalytic strength than pristine MOFs. Finally, the development of the area occurs currently is summarized, and the future prospects are given, with rational designing of effective, durable, and scalable MOF-based composite catalysts towards sustainable CO₂ reduction.