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Updated: May 1, 2026

Adjunctive Diode Laser Therapy and Probiotic Lactobacillus Therapy in the Treatment of Periodontitis and Peri-Implant Disease
Published on: May 9, 2022
Antibiotic approaches to endodontic regeneration
Samiya Riaz1,2, Asmak Binti Abdul Samat1, Muhammad Amber Fareed3,4
1Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan Campus, 25200, Kuantan, Malaysia.
Regenerative endodontics uses intracanal medicaments to mature immature teeth. Calcium hydroxide and triple antibiotic paste have pros and cons, with new options emerging for better stem cell preservation and treatment success.
Area of Science:
- Dentistry
- Regenerative Medicine
- Biomaterials
Background:
- Regenerative endodontics (REs) aims to restore immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulps.
- Intracanal medicaments are crucial for microbial elimination and stem cell viability in REs.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the biological and antimicrobial performance of common RE medicaments.
- To compare calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) and triple antibiotic paste (TAP) in RE procedures.
Main Methods:
- A narrative review of literature from PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science (2000-2025).
- Evaluation of medicament efficacy, biocompatibility, and impact on stem cells.
Main Results:
- Ca(OH)₂ is antimicrobial and promotes hard tissue but can harm stem cells.
- TAP supports stem cell proliferation but causes discoloration and antibiotic resistance concerns.
- Emerging alternatives like double antibiotic paste (DAP) and nano-Ca(OH)₂ seek improved biocompatibility.
Conclusions:
- Optimizing medicament concentration and application duration is key for RE success.
- Balancing antimicrobial action with stem cell preservation is critical for regenerative endodontic outcomes.
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