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IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

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IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the...
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Soft Lithographic Functionalization and Patterning Oxide-free Silicon and Germanium
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Inkjet-Printed Physical Unclonable Functions For Secure Authentication.

Riccardo Sargeni1,2, Elisabetta Dimaggio1, Francesco Pieri1

  • 1Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell' Informazione, Universitädi Pisa, Pisa, Italy.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|April 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces inkjet-printed Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) for anti-counterfeiting. These novel PUFs offer a scalable, low-cost, and reliable solution for secure authentication using everyday devices.

Keywords:
counterfeitinginkjet printingphysical unclonable functions

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Computer Science
  • Engineering

Background:

  • Counterfeiting poses significant global economic and social risks.
  • Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) offer a promising solution for secure authentication by leveraging inherent manufacturing randomness.
  • Existing PUF technologies face challenges in scalability and cost-effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, scalable, and low-cost method for fabricating inkjet-printed Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs).
  • To ensure high uniqueness, reliability, and bit uniformity in the fabricated PUFs.
  • To enable anti-counterfeiting applications using consumer-grade interrogation devices.

Main Methods:

  • Exploiting the randomness of ink droplet deposition during inkjet printing on substrates like paper.
  • Optimizing geometric features of the printed patterns to enhance PUF characteristics.
  • Integrating a low-cost imaging setup with advanced positional markers for efficient database validation.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated high uniqueness, reliability, and bit uniformity in the inkjet-printed PUFs.
  • Confirmed excellent durability of the PUFs under mechanical stress and chemical exposure.
  • Achieved fast and accurate database validation through the integrated imaging system.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed method offers a robust and low-cost route to fabricating PUFs suitable for widespread anti-counterfeiting applications.
  • Inkjet-printed PUFs can be effectively interrogated using consumer-grade devices, broadening their applicability.
  • This technology has significant potential for enhancing supply chain security and authenticating luxury goods.