Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

2.3K
Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
2.3K
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

1.5K
Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A...
1.5K
CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines01:14

CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

1.9K
CNS depressants include drugs from the category of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. They are valuable medications for managing anxiety disorders and insomnia. Barbiturates, once used to induce and maintain sleep, have been replaced mainly by benzodiazepines due to barbiturate's toxicity, tolerance, and overdose risks. They interact with GABAA receptors, leading to sedation at low doses and potentially coma and death at higher doses. Phenobarbital, a long-acting barbiturate, possesses...
1.9K
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

981
Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
981
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

1.1K
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
1.1K
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

1.5K
Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...
1.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Structural Transition in Few-Layer Group-IV Monochalcogenides Induced by Mechanical Forces.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

Developmental profile of physiological high-frequency oscillations in the human brain.

NeuroImage·2026
Same author

Short-term modulation of epileptic network with low-frequency thalamic stimulation.

Brain stimulation·2026
Same author

Spatially separated bipolar transport and surface electron accumulation in tungsten diselenide nanostructures.

Nanoscale·2026
Same author

Distinct Spectral and Directional Thalamocortical Network Dynamics Define Focal Seizure Evolution.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Short-Term Modulation of Epileptic Network with Low-Frequency Thalamic Stimulation.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2025
Same journal

Effect of chronic migraine treatment on functional seizure frequency: An exploratory study.

Seizure·2026
Same journal

Development of a standard for epilepsy semiology and semiological description dataset: a modified Delphi study.

Seizure·2026
Same journal

UNC13A-related neurodevelopmental disorders in children: epilepsy phenotypes and antiseizure medication response.

Seizure·2026
Same journal

Switching from oxcarbazepine to eslicarbazepine in patients with focal epilepsy: A systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis.

Seizure·2026
Same journal

Efficacy, tolerability, and EEG lateralization-based predictors of neuropsychiatric adverse events in pediatric SeLECTS treated with perampanel monotherapy.

Seizure·2026
Same journal

Cross-cultural validation of the International Classification of Cognitive Disorders in Epilepsy (IC-CoDE) in Chinese-speaking people with epilepsy.

Seizure·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 3, 2026

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
14:52

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

10.9K

Cenobamate: A comprehensive review.

David G Vossler1, Raman Sankar2

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; UW Medicine Valley Medical Center, Renton WA, USA..

Seizure
|May 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cenobamate (CNB) is an effective antiseizure medication for focal and generalized seizures. Clinical trials show high seizure freedom rates in adults and adolescents, including treatment-resistant cases.

Keywords:
Adverse eventsAntiseizure medicationCenobamateFocal seizuresPrimary generalized tonic-clonic seizuresReview article

More Related Videos

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
08:16

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Published on: July 23, 2020

2.1K
A Computerized Test Battery to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects on the Central Nervous System of Cholinergic Drugs in Early Phase Drug Development
07:02

A Computerized Test Battery to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects on the Central Nervous System of Cholinergic Drugs in Early Phase Drug Development

Published on: February 11, 2019

10.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 3, 2026

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
14:52

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

10.9K
Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
08:16

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Published on: July 23, 2020

2.1K
A Computerized Test Battery to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects on the Central Nervous System of Cholinergic Drugs in Early Phase Drug Development
07:02

A Computerized Test Battery to Study Pharmacodynamic Effects on the Central Nervous System of Cholinergic Drugs in Early Phase Drug Development

Published on: February 11, 2019

10.0K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Neurology
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • Cenobamate (CNB) is an FDA-approved antiseizure medication for adult focal seizures.
  • Preclinical studies show broad antiseizure activity in rodent models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cenobamate's pharmacology, mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety.
  • To summarize treatment outcomes for various seizure and epilepsy types.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical data, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and postmarketing studies.
  • Analysis of efficacy and safety data from clinical trials in adults and adolescents.

Main Results:

  • CNB demonstrated significant seizure frequency reduction in RCTs for focal seizures.
  • High seizure freedom rates (up to 52.4%) observed in maintenance phases of focal seizure trials.
  • A randomized controlled study showed higher seizure-free rates with CNB (43%) versus placebo (20%) for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
  • Postmarketing studies consistently report high seizure freedom rates across various epilepsy types, including treatment-resistant cases.

Conclusions:

  • Cenobamate exhibits dual mechanisms of action: selective inhibition of persistent sodium currents and augmentation of GABA-mediated tonic currents.
  • CNB is effective and safe for treating focal seizures in adults and shows promise for other epilepsy types.
  • Consistently high seizure freedom rates reported in real-world studies suggest CNB's broad applicability and efficacy.