Functionalization of 3D Printed Polylactic Acid by Supercritical CO₂ Impregnation with Mango Leaf Extract and...

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) devices can be functionalized with plant-derived bioactives to introduce antioxidant activity while maintaining manufacturability and cytocompatibility. Here, a polyphenol-rich mango leaf extract (MLE) was obtained by enhanced solvent extraction and incorporated into PLA using supercritical carbon dioxide-assisted impregnation. Two manufacturing sequences were compared: impregnation after three-dimensional (3D) printing of discs and impregnation of filaments prior to printing. Extract yield and radical scavenging capacity were quantified, and impregnation efficiency was assessed as a function of pressure and temperature. Biological performance was evaluated using adipose tissue-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), cultured separately and in co-culture on functionalized substrates. Impregnation after printing provided higher and more reproducible loading while preserving disc geometry, whereas impregnation before printing promoted swelling and printing-associated deformation that compromised structural fidelity. Cell-based analyses supported improved adhesion, spatial distribution, and proliferative status on discs produced by impregnation after printing under low-temperature and high-pressure conditions, without evidence of selective loss of either population in co-culture by flow cytometry. These results support post-print supercritical impregnation as a robust route to generate antioxidant, cell-supportive PLA scaffolds from agricultural by-products with potential relevance for vascular-oriented biomedical applications.