Hydrothermal Treatment to Enhance Supercritical CO₂ Polycaprolactone Foaming Processes for Tissue Engineering...

Hydrothermal treatment was investigated as a strategy to enhance the supercritical CO₂ foaming process for the fabrication of polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds intended for tissue engineering applications. PCL samples were subjected to supercritical foaming at 300 bar and 40 °C for 60 min, combined with hydrothermal treatments performed either before or after foaming at temperatures of 70-100 °C and pressures of 10-20 bar. The effects of these treatments on scaffold morphology, porosity, and mechanical behavior were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, micro-computed tomography, and compression testing. The results showed that hydrothermal treatment prior to foaming significantly improved scaffold porosity from 16.5% (untreated PCL) up to 57.9% while increasing pore interconnectivity (up to 156.8 throats mm^-3). Conversely, post-foaming hydrothermal treatment led to pore collapse and loss of structural integrity. The pre-treated scaffolds maintained compressive moduli within 2-12 MPa, consistent with values required for bone tissue engineering. In vitro degradation in PBS revealed a moderate increase in weight loss (~10% after 90 days), indicating that the hydrothermal step slightly accelerates polymer hydrolysis without compromising stability. These findings demonstrate that combining hydrothermal pre-treatment with supercritical CO₂ foaming provides a solvent-free route to tailor scaffold morphology and mechanical performance, offering a sustainable alternative for the design of bioresorbable materials in regenerative medicine.