Management Strategies for Congestive Heart Failure in Chronic Kidney Disease: Narrative Review

Heart failure (HF) affects approximately 64 million people globally. HF often coexists with chronic kidney disease. HF may affect the heart during diastolic filling, systolic ejection, or both. Conventionally, HF is categorized by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). One of the leading causes of death in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients of cardiovascular origin increase hospitalizations and worsen quality of life by causing fluid and electrolyte overload. As kidney function declines, increases risk of development of HF in CKD, with a negative impact and worse prognosis in these patients. This narrative review provides healthcare professionals-including nephrologists, car-diologists, internists, and general practitioners-with evidence-based strategies to iden-tify and manage this complex comorbidity, aiming to reduce hospitalization and mor-tality in CKD patients. By synthesizing recent findings on risk stratification, diagnostic modalities, and individualized treatment-particularly for patients undergoing renal replacement therapy-clinicians can enhance volume management and optimize patient outcomes. Considering the increasing prevalence of chronic kidney disease and associated cardiovascular comorbidities, this review addresses pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, pharmacological treatments, and dialytic therapy modifications.