Micronutrient Deficiencies and Nutritional Status in Children with Celiac Disease: A Retrospective Study

Celiac disease (CD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion, and the only effective treatment is strict adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). Many factors, including limited dietary diversity and poor adherence, are associated with an increased risk of specific micronutrient deficiencies and malnutrition. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between adherence to GFD, celiac antibody levels, micronutrient levels, and nutritional status in children with CD.

This retrospective study was conducted on 402 children aged 2-18 years with a diagnosis of CD confirmed positive by anti-tTG IgA and duodenal biopsy, all of whom had been on GFD for at least six months. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical, serological, and biochemical data (including hemogram, serum iron, ferritin, vitamin D, folate, and B12 levels), and GFD adherence were collected from medical records.

Most individuals are girls (64.9%), with a mean age of 10.6 ± 4.20 years. Chronic malnutrition was observed in 29.4% of patients. Acute malnutrition was identified in 27.8% of children, and wasting was observed in 6.7%. Iron deficiency anemia was the most frequently encountered micronutrient deficiency among the patients (23.9%). The prevalence of stunting was significantly higher among individuals with positive tTG-IgA levels and poor adherence to the GFD.

Poor adherence to the GFD and positive tTG-IgA levels were associated with higher rates of stunting, underlining the need for individualized dietary follow-up and regular monitoring of both nutritional status and serological response in children with CD.