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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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In the presence of organic peroxides, the addition of hydrogen bromide to an alkene yields the isomer that is not predicted by Markovnikov’s rule. For example, the addition of hydrogen bromide to 2-methylpropene in the presence of peroxides gives 1-bromo-2-methylpropane. This addition reaction proceeds via a free radical mechanism, which reverses the regioselectivity. The free radical reaction mechanism involves three stages: initiation, propagation, and termination.
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Electronic modulation influenced by interfacial Pd-O-Mo for enhanced acidic hydrogen evolution kinetics.

Wajahat Sajjad1, Saira Bibi1, Lin Peng2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques toward Hydrogen Energy, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|May 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study developed novel palladium-anchored molybdenum dioxide@carbon hollow nanospheres (Pd/MoO2@C HNSs) for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysis. The engineered material demonstrates superior performance, paving the way for advanced water splitting technologies.

Keywords:
Acid-alkali electrolyzerElectronic modulationHydrogen evolutionInterfacial couplingMolybdenum oxide

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Efficient electrocatalytic water splitting is crucial for sustainable energy production.
  • Precise engineering of hetero-interfaces is key to enhancing catalyst performance.
  • Molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) shows potential but suffers from low active site density.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize palladium-anchored MoO2@carbon hollow nanospheres (Pd/MoO2@C HNSs).
  • To investigate the electrocatalytic activity of Pd/MoO2@C HNSs for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic media.
  • To demonstrate the application of these nanostructures in an asymmetric-electrolyte electrolyzer for efficient hydrogen production.

Main Methods:

  • One-step polymerization for synthesizing Pd/MoO2@C HNSs.
  • X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis to confirm electronic structure and bonding.
  • Electrochemical testing to evaluate HER performance, including overpotential, mass activity, and turnover frequency.
  • Assembly into an asymmetric-electrolyte electrolyzer to assess hydrogen production efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Pd nanoparticles were successfully immobilized on MoO2 nanoclusters via Pd-O-Mo bonding.
  • Pd/MoO2@C HNSs exhibited an ultralow HER overpotential (28 mV at 10 mA cm-2) and high mass activity (4.82 A mg-1).
  • The system achieved hydrogen production at 10 mA cm-2 with only 0.63 V applied voltage in an asymmetric-electrolyte electrolyzer.

Conclusions:

  • Hetero-interface engineering, specifically Pd-anchoring on MoO2@C HNSs, significantly enhances electrocatalytic water splitting.
  • The developed catalyst demonstrates superior HER performance compared to commercial Pt/C, attributed to improved electron transfer and kinetics.
  • This approach offers a universal strategy for activating inert electrocatalysts for sustainable energy applications.