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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors01:29

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to manage and optimize therapy. TDM is crucial for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, like warfarin and phenytoin, where incorrect doses can lead to treatment failure or severe side effects. This monitoring ensures the dosage administered is within a safe and effective range. The factors affecting therapeutic drug monitoring include:Patient-Specific Factors:a.
Oxygen Delivering System III: Tracheostomy and T-piece01:23

Oxygen Delivering System III: Tracheostomy and T-piece

Oxygen delivery is critical in clinical care, especially for patients with respiratory disorders or those undergoing surgical procedures. Various systems, such as tracheostomy and the T-piece, deliver oxygen to the lungs, ensuring adequate arterial oxygenation.
Tracheostomy
A tracheostomy is a surgically created opening (stoma) in the anterior part of the trachea. It is used to establish a patient airway, bypass an upper airway obstruction, simplify the removal of secretions, permit long-term...
Larynx01:21

Larynx

The human larynx, often referred to as the voice box, is an intricate organ located in the neck. It serves as a pathway for air to enter the lungs during respiration and is an essential component of voice production.
Anatomy of the Larynx
The larynx consists of various components, including cartilage, muscles, and vocal cords. Its structure includes three large unpaired cartilages—the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis—and three smaller paired cartilages—the arytenoids, corniculates, and...
Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen01:16

Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen

Oxygen therapy is a pivotal aspect of medical care, particularly for patients with respiratory ailments. Two prominent oxygen-delivering systems include the Venturi mask and the transtracheal oxygen catheter.
Venturi Mask
The Venturi mask, named after the Venturi effect, is designed to deliver precise oxygen concentrations. It consists of a large tube with an oxygen inlet that narrows down, causing a pressure drop that pulls air in through adjustable side ports. The mask is a lightweight,...

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Updated: May 8, 2026

Subcutaneous Neurotrophin 4 Infusion Using Osmotic Pumps or Direct Muscular Injection Enhances Aging Rat Laryngeal Muscles
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Peri- and Post-Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and Voice Disorder Risk: A TriNetX Study.

David Kayekjian1,2, Warren B Chun1, Shaun A Nguyen1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.

The Laryngoscope
|May 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use in menopausal women did not significantly increase voice disorders after one year. While some early voice changes were noted, HRT appears to have minimal long-term impact on voice quality.

Keywords:
dysphoniahormone replacement therapyperi‐menopausepost‐menopause

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An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Endocrinology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Menopause is associated with hormonal changes that can affect various bodily functions.
  • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is commonly used to manage menopausal symptoms.
  • The impact of HRT on voice function in menopausal women remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the risk of developing voice disorders in peri- and post-menopausal women using HRT.
  • To compare voice and resonance disorders (VRD) and dysphonia incidence between HRT users and non-users.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study using the TriNetX Global Collaborative Network.
  • Included females aged 40-60 years, stratified into HRT users (n=16,586) and non-users (n=248,725).
  • Propensity score-matching was used, with exclusions for specific conditions. Voice disorders assessed at 3-month intervals.

Main Results:

  • HRT users showed higher odds of dysphonia within 0-9 months (OR 1.72).
  • No significant difference in voice and resonance disorders (VRD) was observed between groups at 1 year, especially for those with elevated BMI.
  • Overall incidence of VRD and dysphonia within 1 year was low (<0.5%) and not significantly different between groups.

Conclusions:

  • HRT may not have a significant long-term clinical impact on the voice in peri- and post-menopausal women.
  • While early treatment may show increased odds of dysphonia, these effects do not persist after one year.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand HRT's impact on menopausal voice due to existing literature gaps.