Cell models for investigating adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis: a comprehensive updated review

The prevalence of obesity and its metabolic consequences have prompted researchers to pay more attention to adipose tissue biology, the mechanisms driving adipocyte proliferation, and the process of adipogenesis. The development of diverse in vitro cell models and molecular biology techniques has made it possible to investigate adipocyte commitment and differentiation, which are complex processes underlying adipose tissue function. These approaches enable a better understanding of adipocyte dysfunction and adipogenesis associated with obesity and its metabolic complications. To mimic white, beige, and brown adipocytes, researchers have established different cell models from animals and humans with adipogenic capacity. In this review, we have compiled and updated information on animal and human cell culture models used to study in vitro adipogenesis, including their main characteristics, protocols, and applications. We provide practical guidance on model selection for specific obesity-related questions such as insulin resistance, inflammation, browning, and depot-specific dysfunction. Additionally, we discuss co-cultures and three-dimensional culture systems, highlighting their value in creating a more physiological environment and elucidating the interactions between adipocytes and neighboring cells.