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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Drug Analysis Methods01:26

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Drug Analysis Methods

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical practice that measures specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to tailor drug therapy effectively. This monitoring is critical for managing drugs with narrow therapeutic indices like digoxin and phenytoin, ensuring they are both safe and effective. For instance, monitoring theophylline levels in asthma patients involves precision and sensitivity to adjust doses according to individual responses to therapy, ensuring efficacy and...

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Updated: May 9, 2026

Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses
11:17

Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses

Published on: August 30, 2018

Thyroid Function Testing in Hospitalized Patients: A Practical Framework for Clinicians.

Nidha Shapoo1, Noella Boma2

  • 1Internal Medicine, New York Medical College, Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York, USA.

Cureus
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Interpreting thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in hospitalized patients is complex due to acute illness. This review guides distinguishing true thyroid disease from temporary changes in thyroid function tests.

Keywords:
diagnostic algorithmhospitalized patientsnon-thyroidal illness syndromethyroid function teststhyroid-stimulating hormone

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Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses
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Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Clinical Physiology

Background:

  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is the standard outpatient screening test for thyroid dysfunction.
  • Hospitalized patients present unique challenges in thyroid function test interpretation due to acute illness, medications, and assay interference.
  • Non-thyroidal illness syndrome (euthyroid sick syndrome) is prevalent in critically ill patients, causing transient thyroid hormone level alterations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiology of thyroid hormone action and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis regulation in the hospital setting.
  • To summarize the presentation and management of thyroid emergencies.
  • To provide guidance on interpreting thyroid function tests in hospitalized patients and identify scenarios requiring endocrinology consultation.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of thyroid hormone physiology and clinical presentations.
  • Summary of current literature on thyroid function testing in hospitalized patients.
  • Development of a diagnostic algorithm for inpatient thyroid evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Acute illness and other factors can significantly alter thyroid function tests in hospitalized patients, mimicking primary thyroid disorders.
  • Understanding the dynamic changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis is crucial for accurate diagnosis.
  • Thyroid emergencies require specific management strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Distinguishing transient thyroid function abnormalities from true thyroid disease in hospitalized patients is essential for appropriate management.
  • A practical diagnostic algorithm can aid clinicians in evaluating thyroid function in the inpatient setting.
  • Endocrinology consultation is valuable in complex cases and thyroid emergencies.