Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A key...
CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines01:14

CNS Depressants: Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

CNS depressants include drugs from the category of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. They are valuable medications for managing anxiety disorders and insomnia. Barbiturates, once used to induce and maintain sleep, have been replaced mainly by benzodiazepines due to barbiturate's toxicity, tolerance, and overdose risks. They interact with GABAA receptors, leading to sedation at low doses and potentially coma and death at higher doses. Phenobarbital, a long-acting barbiturate, possesses...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
Depressants01:28

Depressants

Depressant drugs, including alcohol and sedative-hypnotics, diminish central nervous system activity by enhancing the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that reduces brain activity and promotes relaxation. These substances can have various therapeutic uses but also pose significant risks, especially when misused or combined.
Alcohol is a common depressant that can induce a sense of relaxation and reduced inhibition at low doses. Contrary to its occasional...
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for their...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Access to amidines <i>via</i> C(sp<sup>2</sup>)-N coupling of trifluoroborate-iminiums with <i>N</i>-fluorobenzenesulfonimide.

Chemical science·2025
Same author

2-[(5-Methyl-1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-yl)sulfan-yl]-<i>N</i>'-(4-nitro-benzyl-idene)acetohydrazide monohydrate.

IUCrData·2025
Same author

Dinuclear Gallium(III) Complex With 1,3-Propanediamine-<i>N,N'</i>-Diacetate: Structural Characterization, Antimicrobial Activity, and DNA/BSA Interactions.

Bioinorganic chemistry and applications·2025
Same author

Structural and supramolecular insights into crystalline multicomponent systems of 2,4-diamino-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine with various carboxylic acids.

Acta crystallographica. Section C, Structural chemistry·2025
Same author

4-Amino-3,5-di-chloro-pyridine.

IUCrData·2024
Same author

Hydrogen-bonding interactions in the salts 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidin-1-ium sorbate dihydrate, 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidin-1-ium N-phenylantharanilate and 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidin-1-ium p-toluenesulfonate.

Acta crystallographica. Section C, Structural chemistry·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
06:06

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Published on: February 5, 2018

2-Amino-5-chloro-pyridin-1-ium barbiturate dihydrate.

Thankappan Ramalakshmi Anantheeswary1, Sundaramoorthy Gomathi1, Jeyaraman Selvaraj Nirmalram2

  • 1Department of Chemistry Periyar Maniammai Institute of Science & Technology, Thanjavur Tamilnadu-613403 India.

Iucrdata
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a hydrated salt, revealing how barbiturate anions and cations form wave-like chains. These chains are further interconnected by water molecules, creating a complex supramolecular network.

Keywords:
2-amino-5-chloro­pyridinium cationbarbiturate anioncrystal structuremol­ecular salt

More Related Videos

Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons
09:04

Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons

Published on: September 14, 2016

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
11:45

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
06:06

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Published on: February 5, 2018

Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons
09:04

Recording Gamma Band Oscillations in Pedunculopontine Nucleus Neurons

Published on: September 14, 2016

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles
11:45

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Published on: August 22, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Understanding the self-assembly of organic molecules is crucial for designing new materials.
  • Hydrated salts often exhibit unique structural motifs due to the role of water molecules in crystal packing.
  • Barbiturate derivatives are known for their biological activity and potential in coordination chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the hydrated salt C5H6ClN2+·C4H3N2O3-·2H2O.
  • To investigate the supramolecular architecture formed by the cations, anions, and water molecules.
  • To identify the hydrogen bonding interactions governing the extended crystal structure.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
  • Analysis of the asymmetric unit contents (two cations, two anions, four water molecules).
  • Identification and analysis of hydrogen bonding networks (N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O) and supramolecular aggregation.

Main Results:

  • The asymmetric unit comprises two cations, two anions, and four water molecules.
  • Barbiturate anions form wave-like [001] supramolecular chains, decorated by cations.
  • These chains are cross-linked by [010] water chains, forming rings and carboxylate aggregates via hydrogen bonds.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure reveals a well-defined supramolecular arrangement driven by hydrogen bonding.
  • The interplay between cations, barbiturate anions, and water molecules dictates the formation of extended chain structures.
  • This detailed structural understanding provides a basis for exploring similar hydrated salt systems.