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Related Concept Videos

Eyewitness Memory01:22

Eyewitness Memory

Eyewitness memory refers to the recollection of events by someone who has directly witnessed them, often serving as critical evidence in legal settings. This type of memory is commonly used in criminal cases where a witness describes details like a suspect's appearance, clothing, or behavior during a crime. However, despite its perceived reliability, eyewitness memory is prone to significant errors.
One such error is memory distortion, which occurs because human memory does not function like a...
Confidence Coefficient01:24

Confidence Coefficient

The confidence coefficient is also known as the confidence level or degree of confidence. It is the percent expression for the probability, 1-α, that the confidence interval contains the true population parameter assuming that the confidence interval is obtained after sufficient unbiased sampling; for example, if the CL = 90%, then in 90 out of 100 samples the interval estimate will enclose the true population parameter. Here α is the area under the curve, distributed equally under both the...
Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
First Impression01:09

First Impression

First impressions play a crucial role in social perception, shaping how individuals assess others in professional, academic, and interpersonal contexts. Psychological research highlights the significance of cognitive biases, such as the primacy and recency effects, which influence how people interpret and recall information.The Primacy Effect and Cognitive AnchoringThe primacy effect describes the tendency for initial information to impact judgment disproportionately. When individuals encounter...
Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in different ways based on the...
Interpretation of Confidence Intervals01:19

Interpretation of Confidence Intervals

A confidence interval is a better estimate of the population than a point estimate, as it uses a range of values from a sample instead of a single value.
Confidence intervals have confidence coefficients that are crucial for their interpretation. The most common confidence coefficients are 0.90, 0.95, and 0.99, which can be written as percentages–90%, 95%, and 99%, respectively.
Suppose a person calculates a confidence interval with a confidence coefficient of 0.95. In that case, they can...

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Does Eyewitness Confidence Calibration Vary by Target Race?

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm
09:49

Holistic Facial Composite Creation and Subsequent Video Line-up Eyewitness Identification Paradigm

Published on: December 24, 2015

Numeric and verbal eyewitness confidence: order effects.

Pia Pennekamp1, Jamal K Mansour2,3, Rhiannon J Batstone3

  • 1Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA.

Memory (Hove, England)
|May 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eyewitness confidence can be gathered verbally and numerically without harming accuracy. However, the interpretation of verbal confidence requires a systematic approach for reliable postdiction of identification accuracy.

Keywords:
Eyewitnessconfidenceeyewitness confidenceidentification

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Forensic Science
  • Criminal Justice

Background:

  • The criminal justice system relies on verbal eyewitness confidence statements.
  • Interpreting verbal confidence is challenging, potentially impacting its link to accuracy.
  • Combining verbal and numerical confidence measures may preserve the confidence-accuracy relationship.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if obtaining eyewitness confidence both verbally and numerically affects the confidence-accuracy relationship.
  • To determine if the order of verbal and numerical confidence collection influences the confidence-accuracy link.

Main Methods:

  • Participants viewed videos and then participated in target-present and target-absent lineups.
  • Eyewitness confidence was assessed verbally (in own words) and numerically (0-100%).
  • The order of verbal and numerical confidence collection was manipulated.

Main Results:

  • Collecting eyewitness confidence verbally and numerically did not negatively impact the confidence-accuracy relationship.
  • The order of verbal and numerical confidence collection did not alter the confidence-accuracy relationship.
  • Variability was observed in numerical confidence ratings when linked to similar verbal statements.

Conclusions:

  • The combined verbal and numerical assessment of eyewitness confidence is viable.
  • The confidence-accuracy relationship remains robust regardless of the order of verbal and numerical confidence collection.
  • Systematic interpretation methods are crucial for leveraging verbal confidence to predict identification accuracy.