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Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen
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Pharmacy-Based Immunization Delivery: A Comprehensive History and Current Challenges.

Jean-Venable R Goode1, Mitchel C Rothholz2, Stephan L Foster3

  • 1Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.

Journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy : JACCP
|May 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pharmacists have evolved from vaccine distribution to administration, significantly boosting public health. Pharmacy-based immunization is now a cornerstone of disease prevention in the United States.

Keywords:
immunizationspharmacyvaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacy Practice
  • Public Health
  • Immunization

Background:

  • Pharmacists' historical role in vaccines began with storage and distribution.
  • From the 1950s to the early 1990s, pharmacists supported vaccine administration by others.
  • The early 1990s marked the beginning of pharmacists' direct vaccine administration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To chronicle the evolution of pharmacy-based immunization delivery in the U.S. from the 1800s to the present.
  • To highlight the expanding scope of practice and contributions of pharmacists in immunization.
  • To identify ongoing challenges in pharmacy-based immunization services.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of pharmacy involvement in vaccine storage, distribution, and administration.
  • Analysis of policy changes and legislative expansions of pharmacist immunizing authority.
  • Examination of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pharmacy-based immunization.

Main Results:

  • Pharmacists gained authority to administer vaccines in all 50 states by 2009.
  • Pharmacy teams administered over 50% of COVID-19 vaccines.
  • The majority of adult vaccines are now administered in pharmacy settings.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic expanded immunization authority to technicians and student pharmacists.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacy-based immunization delivery has become a critical component of public health infrastructure.
  • Significant progress has been made, yet challenges like inconsistent state regulations and payment parity persist.
  • Continued evolution of pharmacy's role is vital for combating vaccine-preventable diseases.