A deep hybrid CNN-BiLSTM-BiGRU architecture with explainability for mild cognitive impairment detection using EEG

Accurate detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is critical for timely intervention and for slowing progression to Alzheimer's disease. Electroencephalography (EEG) offers a non-invasive and cost-effective measure of brain activity; however, its complex, non-linear dynamics limit conventional analysis. We propose a CNN-Res-SE-BiLSTM-BiGRU framework for the automated detection of MCI directly from raw EEG. Convolutional and residual blocks capture local temporal structure, bidirectional recurrent layers model long-range dependencies, and Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) modules provide channel-wise attention. Predicted probabilities are calibrated using temperature scaling, and operating thresholds are selected on the validation set using Youden's J statistic. The model is evaluated using five-fold cross-validation under both subject-dependent and strict subject-independent protocols on a primary resting-state dataset, with additional subject-independent validation on an odor EEG dataset. Under subject-independent evaluation on the odor dataset, the proposed model achieved an accuracy of 0.956 ± 0.051, with ROC-AUC of 0.971 ± 0.051 and PR-AUC of 0.934 ± 0.132. UMAP-based visualization and explainable AI analyses (SHAP and LIME) provide interpretable insight into the learned spatiotemporal patterns and sample-specific decisions. These results demonstrate robust, interpretable EEG-based MCI detection with potential clinical utility.