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Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
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Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment
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Defining Acute Stress Reactions to support large scale combat operations.

Emily G Lowery-Gionta1, Liana M Matson1, Samuel A McLean2,3

  • 1Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Maryland, Silver Spring.

Military Psychology : the Official Journal of the Division of Military Psychology, American Psychological Association
|May 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Future warfare may increase Acute Stress Reactions (ASRs). This study proposes a comprehensive definition of ASRs, considering symptom domains, timelines, and impacts, to aid research and solutions for these stress responses.

Keywords:
Acute Stress Reactionlarge scale combat operationsmilitarystresstrauma

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Area of Science:

  • Military medicine
  • Psychotraumatology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Large-scale combat operations (LSCO) are anticipated by the US military.
  • LSCO is expected to increase the incidence and severity of Acute Stress Reactions (ASRs).
  • Current conceptualizations of ASRs are inconsistent, hindering research and intervention development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review existing definitions of ASR.
  • To discuss ASR specifically within the context of LSCO.
  • To propose a comprehensive definition of ASR.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of ASR definitions.
  • Analysis of ASR in relation to LSCO scenarios.
  • Synthesis of current research to formulate a new definition.

Main Results:

  • Existing ASR definitions lack consensus, varying between diagnostic (ICD-10) and non-diagnostic (US military) classifications.
  • A novel definition is proposed, integrating symptom domains, temporal aspects, and functional/neurocognitive impacts.
  • This work is the first to comprehensively define ASR in the LSCO context.

Conclusions:

  • A unified definition of ASR is crucial for advancing research and developing effective interventions.
  • The proposed definition provides a framework for understanding and addressing ASR in modern warfare.
  • Further research is needed to validate and implement this comprehensive ASR definition.