Mind to Move: A Narrative Review of Individualized Running Biomechanics Beyond the Spring-Mass Model

Area of Science:

• Biomechanics
• Human Locomotion
• Exercise Physiology

Background:

• The existence of a universally optimal running pattern is debated.
• Current evidence suggests running patterns are individualized, influenced by anatomy, neuromuscular capacity, experience, and environment.
• Runners exhibit self-organization, adapting their biomechanics to achieve efficient locomotion.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the diversity of running patterns and the concept of self-organization in biomechanics.
• To analyze biomechanical models of human locomotion, including the spring-mass and actuator-based models.
• To propose an individualized framework for optimizing running performance.

Main Methods:

• Narrative review of running biomechanics literature.
• Analysis of biomechanical models (spring-mass, actuator-based) to explain locomotion.
• Presentation of the Preferred running form assessment, Identification of inefficiencies in vertical load management, and Movement Plan individualization (PIMP) method.

Main Results:

• Multiple biomechanical configurations can achieve comparable running economy when aligned with individual characteristics.
• Running mechanics exist on a speed-dependent continuum from elastic-driven (sprinting) to muscle-driven (slower speeds) strategies.
• Running speed is a primary variable, with individual responses creating variability.

Conclusions:

• Optimal running performance relies on individualized, context-sensitive strategies rather than adherence to idealized forms.
• The PIMP method and the "Mind to Move" principle offer a structured approach to personalized running intervention.
• Intervention should focus on individualized assessment and movement planning, not prescriptive technique modification.