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Eco-friendly tick control using Pakistani bee propolis: Behavioral and acaricidal effects against Rhipicephalus

Shahid Nazeer¹, Shahid Ullah Khan², Shamsheer Khan³

¹Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, KPK 26000, Pakistan.

Veterinary Parasitology

|May 12, 2026

Summary

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Pakistani bee propolis extract shows potent acaricidal effects against cattle ticks Rhipicephalus microplus and Hyalomma marginatum. This natural alternative offers efficacy comparable to synthetic acaricides, presenting a sustainable option for tick control.

Area of Science:

Veterinary Entomology
Natural Product Chemistry
Sustainable Agriculture

Background:

Ticks are significant veterinary ectoparasites and disease vectors.
Synthetic acaricides face challenges due to resistance and environmental concerns.
Eco-friendly alternatives for tick control are urgently needed.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the acaricidal potential of Pakistani bee propolis extract against Rhipicephalus microplus and Hyalomma marginatum.
To assess propolis as a sustainable and effective alternative to conventional acaricides.
To determine the dose-dependent and time-dependent effects of propolis extract on tick mortality.

Main Methods:

Contact bioassays were performed using graded concentrations (6.25–100 mg/mL) of 95% ethanolic propolis extract (EEP).

Keywords:

Acaricidal effects Hyalomma marginatum Propolis Rhipicephalus microplus Ticks

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Tick mortality and behavioral responses were recorded at multiple time intervals (30 min to 24 h).

Λ-cyhalothrin was used as a positive control for comparison.

Main Results:

High tick mortality was observed with 100 mg/mL EEP within 1 hour, comparable to the positive control after 24 hours.
Acaricidal effects increased with both propolis concentration and exposure time.
Hyalomma marginatum showed higher sensitivity to EEP compared to Rhipicephalus microplus.

Conclusions:

Pakistani bee propolis extract exhibits significant acaricidal activity against key cattle ticks.
Propolis demonstrates comparable efficacy to synthetic acaricides at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/mL.
Propolis presents a promising natural and sustainable solution for managing tick infestations in livestock.